The history of self-propelled vehicles predates the modern internal combustion engine, with early pioneers like Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot using steam power in the 18th century. By the early 1900s, steam cars from manufacturers like Stanley were even best-sellers in America.
However, external combustion engines, including steam and Stirling types, ultimately failed to meet the needs of drivers. A major drawback was the long wait time to generate steam, sometimes up to half an hour, compared to the instant start of a gasoline engine. Steam cars also had poor range, needing water refills every 20 miles, while early gasoline cars could travel over 130 miles on a tank.
While steam boiler explosions were a perceived risk, Stanley's design was notably safe. Later, Stirling engines were explored for better efficiency but proved too heavy, expensive, and slow to respond. Despite government programs in the late 20th century, internal combustion's quick power delivery and practicality ensured its dominance, leaving external combustion as a historical footnote in automotive evolution.